Sains Malaysiana 53(10)(2024): 3479-3485

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2024-5310-20

Study of Natural Herbal Dyes Photodegradation Effect to Optical Properties for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

(Kajian Kesan Fotodegradasi Pewarna Herba Semula Jadi kepada Sifat Optik untuk Sel Suria Peka Pewarna)

ARIPIN TRIYANTO^1,2, NORA’AINI ALI^2,*, HASIAH SALLEH², JAN SETIAWAN^1,3, NORHAFIZA ILYANA YATIM⁴, NURUL ALFATIHAH MOHD ARIFIN² & NUR SALIHAH ALIAS²

¹Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Pamulang University, South Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia

²Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia

³Reseach Center for Advance Material, National Research and Innovation Agency, STP B.J. Habibie, South Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia

⁴Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia

Diserahkan: 29 Disember 2023/Diterima: 7 Ogos 2024

Abstract

The stability of natural dyes for use in dye-sensitive solar cells is known from their photodegradation characteristics. Photodegradation effects using artificial light radiation on natural herbal dyes were investigated.  Three natural herbal dyes, namely Fagraea acuminatissima, sappanwood, and kulit setong were used in this study.  The stability of the natural herbal dyes under artificial light radiation was studied. The optical properties of the natural herbal dyes as indicators of their stability were characterized using FTIR and UV-VIS absorption. Stability testing of natural herbal dyes was conducted in a room with artificial lighting for 5 weeks. Observations of changes in their optical properties were performed weekly. It can be seen that all three natural herbal dyes contained anthocyanin. In addition to anthocyanin, Fagraea acuminatissima and sappanwood also contain chlorophyll. In contrast, the kulit setong contains beta-carotene in addition to anthocyanin. The degradation percentage showed that sappanwood degrade to all of its pigments. While an increase occurred in the chlorophyll peak of Fagraea acuminatissima and the beta-carotene peak of kulit setong. This clearly shows that Fagraea acuminatissima has the highest stability, and potentially increases the efficiency of solar cells.

Keywords: Dye-sensitized solar cell; herb; natural dyes; optical properties

Abstrak

Kestabilan pewarna semula jadi untuk digunakan dalam sel suria sensitif pewarna diketahui daripada ciri fotodegradasinya. Kesan fotodegradasi menggunakan sinaran cahaya buatan pada pewarna herba semulajadi telah dikaji. Tiga pewarna herba semula jadi iaitu Fagraea acuminatissima, sappanwood dan kulit setong digunakan dalam kajian ini. Kestabilan pewarna herba semulajadi di bawah sinaran cahaya buatan telah dikaji. Sifat optik pewarna herba semula jadi sebagai penunjuk kestabilan mereka dicirikan menggunakan penyerapan FTIR dan UV-VIS. Ujian kestabilan pewarna herba asli telah dijalankan di dalam bilik dengan pencahayaan buatan selama 5 minggu. Pemerhatian terhadap perubahan sifat optiknya dilakukan setiap minggu. Dapat dilihat bahawa ketiga-tiga pewarna herba semula jadi mengandungi antosianin. Selain antosianin, Fagraea acuminatissima dan sappanwood juga mengandungi klorofil. Sebaliknya, kulit setong mengandungi beta-karotena sebagai tambahan kepada antosianin. Peratusan degradasi menunjukkan bahawa kayu sappan merosot kepada semua pigmennya. Manakala peningkatan berlaku pada puncak klorofil Fagraea acuminatissima dan puncak beta-karotena kulit setong. Ini jelas menunjukkan bahawa Fagraea acuminatissima mempunyai kestabilan tertinggi dan berpotensi meningkatkan kecekapan sel suria.

Kata kunci: Herba; pewarna semula jadi; sel suria peka pewarna; sifat optic

RUJUKAN

Agati, G. 1998. Response of the in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence spectrum to environmental factors and laser excitation wavelength. Pure and Applied Optics (Print edition) (United Kingdom) 7(4): 797-807.

Ahliha, A.H., Nurosyid, F., Supriyanto, A. & Kusumaningsih, T. 2018. Optical properties of anthocyanin dyes on TiO₂ as photosensitizers for application of dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 333: 012018.

Amelia, P. & Gunlazuardi, J. 2023. Development of BiOBr/TiO₂ nanotubes electrode for conversion of nitrogen to ammonia in a tandem photoelectrochemical cell under visible light. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 12(4): 702-710.

Ansir, R., Ullah, N., Ünlü, B., Mujtaba Shah, S. & Özacar, M. 2021. Effect of annealing temperatures on performance of DSSCs fabricated using Ag or Pd@C@ZnO composites as photoanode materials. Solar Energy 224: 617-628.

Arifin, N.A.M., Salleh, H., Dagang, A.N., Ali, N.A.N., Alias, N.S. & Kamarulzaman, N.H. 2021. Photodegradation effect on optical properties of mangosteen pericarp, black grape peel and violet Bougainvillea flowers as photosensitizer for solar cell application. Jurnal Teknologi 83(5): 109-117.

Boo, H.O., Hwang, S.J., Bae, C.S., Park, S.H., Heo, B.G. & Gorinstein, S. 2012. Extraction and characterization of some natural plant pigments. Industrial Crops and Products 40(1): 129-135.

Dhafina, W.A., Daud, M.Z. & Salleh, H. 2020. The sensitization effect of anthocyanin and chlorophyll dyes on optical and photovoltaic properties of zinc oxide based dye-sensitized solar cells. Optik 207: 163808.

Diner, F. 2011. The analysis on photovoltaic electricity generation status, potential and policies of the leading countries in solar energy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15(1): 713-720.

Durgawati Vishwavidyalya, R. & Kumar Jawre, A. 2018. Bio-photovoltaic: The future of electricity with natural resources. International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts 6(1): 2320-2882.

Falguera, V., Pagán, J. & Ibarz, A. 2011. Effect of UV irradiation on enzymatic activities and physicochemical properties of apple juices from different varieties. Lwt 44(1): 115-119.

Gautam, A., Kshirsagar, A., Biswas, R., Banerjee, S. & Khanna, P.K. 2016. Photodegradation of organic dyes based on anatase and rutile TiO₂ nanoparticles. RSC Advances 6(4): 2746-2759.

Ge, X., Timrov, I., Binnie, S., Biancardi, A., Calzolari, A. & Baroni, S. 2015. Accurate and inexpensive prediction of the color optical properties of anthocyanins in solution. Journal of Physical Chemistry A 119(16): 3816-3822.

Ghann, W., Kang, H., Sheikh, T., Yadav, S., Chavez-Gil, T., Nesbitt, F. & Uddin, J. 2017. Fabrication, optimization and characterization of natural dye sensitized solar cell. Scientific Reports 7: 41470.

Gitelson, A.A., Merzlyak, M.N. & Lichtenthaler, H.K. 1996. Detection of red edge position and chlorophyll content by reflectance measurements near 700 nm. Journal of Plant Physiology 148(3-4): 501-508.

Gómez-Ortíz, N.M., Vázquez-Maldonado, I.A., Pérez-Espadas, A.R., Mena-Rejón, G.J., Azamar-Barrios, J.A. & Oskam, G. 2010. Dye-sensitized solar cells with natural dyes extracted from achiote seeds. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 94(1): 40-44.

Gracheva, E. & Alimova, A. 2019. Calculation methods and comparative analysis of losses of active and electric energy in low voltage devices. 2019 International Ural Conference on Electrical Power Engineering (UralCon), Chelyabinsk, Russia. pp. 361-367. doi: 10.1109/URALCON.2019.8877627

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. 2013. 2013 IEEE Energytech: Cleveland, Ohio, 21-23 July. pp. 9-12.

Ishak, N., Salleh, H., Dagang, A.N., Salisa, A.R., Kamarulzaman, N.H., Ghazali, S.M., Majid, N.A. & Ahmad, Z. 2019. Hybrid solar cell using conjugated chlorophyll from Pandanus amaryllifolius as photosensitizers. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) 8(4): 10142-10147.

Kaswan, O.P., Sonel, A. & Yadav, S.K. 2022. Conversion of solar radiation into electrical energy by using solar cell. Central Asian Journal of Theoretical and Applied Science 3(7): 104-107.

Khomsah, A., Sudjito, Wijono & Laksono, A.S. 2019. Pico-hydro as a renewable energy: Local natural resources and equipment availability in efforts to generate electricity. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 462: 012047.

Kim, J.H., Moon, K.J., Kim, J.M., Lee, D. & Kim, S.H. 2015. Effects of various light-intensity and temperature environments on the photovoltaic performance of dye-sensitized solar cells. Solar Energy 113: 251-257.

Lavakusa, B., Rama Devi, D., Belachew, N. & Basavaiah, K. 2020. Selective synthesis of visible light active γ-bismuth molybdate nanoparticles for efficient photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue, reduction of 4-nitrophenol, and antimicrobial activity. RSC Advances 10(60): 36636-36643.

Mancinelli, A.L. 1990. Interaction between light quality and light quantity in the photoregulation of anthocyanin production. Plant Physiology 92(4): 1191-1195.

Matus, J.T., Loyola, R., Vega, A., Peña-Neira, A., Bordeu, E., Arce-Johnson, P. & Alcalde, J.A. 2009. Post-veraison sunlight exposure induces MYB-mediated transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin and flavonol synthesis in berry skins of Vitis vinifera. Journal of Experimental Botany 60(3): 853-867.

Mehmood, U., Al-Ahmed, A., Al-Sulaiman, F.A., Malik, M.I., Shehzad, F. & Khan, A.U.H. 2017. Effect of temperature on the photovoltaic performance and stability of solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 79: 946-959.

Nurul Huda Kamarulzaman, Hasiah Salleh, Ahmad Nazri Dagang, Mohd Sabri Mohd Ghazali, Nurhayati Ishak & Wan Farahiyah Wan Kamarudin. 2023. Natural dye’s photodegradation effect towards optical properties for solar energy applications. Jurnal Teknologi 85(1): 167-176.

Pearson, G.L. 1957. Conversion of solar to electrical energy. American Journal of Physics 25(9): 591-598.

Pramananda, V., Hadyan Fityay, T.A. & Misran, E. 2021. Anthocyanin as natural dye in DSSC fabrication: A review. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1122: 012104.

Ruhane, T.A., Islam, M.T., Rahaman, M.S., Bhuiyan, M.M.H., Islam, J.M.M., Newaz, M.K., Khan, K.A. & Khan, M.A. 2017. Photo current enhancement of natural dye sensitized solar cell by optimizing dye extraction and its loading period. Optik 149: 174-183.

Shakeel Ahmad, M., Pandey, A.K. & Abd Rahim, N. 2017. Advancements in the development of TiO₂ photoanodes and its fabrication methods for dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) applications. A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 77: 89-108.

Shibl, H.M., Hafez, H.S., Rifai, R.I. & Abdel Mottaleb, M.S.A. 2013. Environmental friendly, low cost quasi solid state dye sensitized solar cell: Polymer electrolyte introduction. Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials 23(4): 944-949.

Singh, L.K. & Koiry, B.P. 2018. Natural dyes and their effect on efficiency of TiO₂ based DSSCs: A comparative study. Materials Today: Proceedings 5(1): 2112-2122.

Singh, M., Bajaj, N.K., Bhardwaj, A., Singh, P., Kumar, P. & Sharma, J. 2018. Study of photocatalytic and antibacterial activities of graphene oxide nanosheets. Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials 1(4): 759-765.

Stone, J.L. 1993. Photovoltaics: Unlimited electrical energy from the sun. Physics Today 46(9): 22-29.

Supriyanto, A., Nurosyid, F. & Ahliha, A.H. 2018. Carotenoid pigment as sensitizers for applications of dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 432: 012060.

Syafinar, R., Gomesh, N., Irwanto, M., Fareq, M. & Irwan, Y.M. 2015. Chlorophyll pigments as nature based dye for dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). Energy Procedia 79: 896-902.

Tahir, D., Satriani, W., Gareso, P.L. & Abdullah, B. 2018. Dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) with natural dyes extracted from Jatropha leaves and purple Chrysanthemum flowers as sensitizer. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 979: 012056.

Tan, B. & Soderstrom, D.N. 1989. Qualitative aspects of UV-vis spectrophotometry of β-carotene and lycopene. Journal of Chemical Education 66(3): 258-260.

Taya, S.A., El-Agez, T.M., Elrefi, K.S. & Abdel-Latif, M.S. 2015. Dye-sensitized solar cells based on dyes extracted from dried plant leaves. Turkish Journal of Physics 39(1): 24-30.

Toshpulatov, N., Tursunov, O., Kodirov, D., Maksumkhanova, A. & Yusupov, Z. 2020. Study on issues of uninterrupted power supply, energy-saving and improving the quality of electrical energy of water facilities. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 614: 012025.

Wei, D. 2010. Dye sensitized solar cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 11(3): 1103-1113.

Yusupandi, F., Devianto, H., Widiatmoko, P., Nurdin, I., Yoon, S.P., Lim, T.H. & Arif, A.F. 2022. Performance evaluation of an electrolyte-supported intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cell (IT-SOFC) with low-cost materials. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 11(4): 1037-1042.

Zyoud, A., Zaatar, N., Saadeddin, I., Helal, M.H., Campet, G., Hakim, M., Park, D. & Hilal, H.S. 2011. Alternative natural dyes in water purification: Anthocyanin as TiO₂-sensitizer in methyl orange photo-degradation. Solid State Sciences 13(6): 1268-1275.

*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: noraaini@umt.edu.my